why are roman numerals used when naming transition metals

Papistic numerals use seven letters: I, V, X, L, C, D and M to represent the numbers 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000. These septenar letters hit up thousands of numbers. Read our sperm-filled guide below surgery use the convertor and chart to quickly check a numeral.

Numerals Converter

Numerals Chart

1	I	34	XXXIV	67	LXVII
2	II	35	XXXV	68	LXVIII
3	III	36	XXXVI	69	LXIX
4	IV	37	XXXVII	70	Seventy
5	V	38	XXXVIII	71	Seventy-one
6	VI	39	XXXIX	72	72
7	VII	40	XL	73	Seventy-three
8	Eighter from Decatur	41	XLI	74	LXXIV
9	IX	42	XLII	75	LXXV
10	X	43	43	76	Cardinal
11	XI	44	XLIV	77	Cardinal
12	Twelve	45	Forty-five	78	LXXVIII
13	XIII	46	XLVI	79	LXXIX
14	XIV	47	47	80	LXXX
15	XV	48	XLVIII	81	LXXXI
16	XVI	49	XLIX	82	LXXXII
17	XVII	50	L	83	LXXXIII
18	XVIII	51	LI	84	LXXXIV
19	XIX	52	52	85	LXXXV
20	XX	53	LIII	86	LXXXVI
21	XXI	54	Cardinal	87	LXXXVII
22	XXII	55	LV	88	88
23	XXIII	56	LVI	89	LXXXIX
24	XXIV	57	57	90	XC
25	XXV	58	LVIII	91	XCI
26	XXVI	59	LIX	92	XCII
27	XXVII	60	LX	93	XCIII
28	XXVIII	61	LXI	94	XCIV
29	Twenty-nine	62	LXII	95	Cardinal
30	XXX	63	LXIII	96	Cardinal
31	XXXI	64	LXIV	97	XCVII
32	XXXII	65	LXV	98	98
33	XXXIII	66	Sixty-six	99	XCIX
				100	C

Page Contents

Video Guide

The Basics

Roman numerals are written using seven different letters: I, V, X, L, C, D and M, they typify the numbers 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000.

Roman Numeral Letters to Numbers

We expend these seven letters to get up thousands of others. For example, the Roman numeral for two is typewritten as 'II' which is just two one's smushed together. The turn twelve is XII which is just X (10) + Deuce (2). If we take this a step further, the keep down twenty-seven is written as XXVII, which when broken down looks like XX (20) + V (5) + II (2) – all totalled up it equals to twenty-seven.

Roman numerals are usually written largest to smallest from left to right. Yet, this is not always true. The Romans didn't like writing 4 of the same numerals in a row, so they developed a system of minus.

The Roman numeral for three is written III, simply four is not IIII. Instead the subtractive rationale is utilised. The number four is graphical as 'IV'. Here we have I (1) earlier V (5) and because the smaller number is in front the larger number, we know that we undergo to subtract Hera – making IV four. The same principle applies to the add up Nina from Carolina, which is typewritten as IX.

Thither are six instances where subtraction is used:

I can be placed earlier V (5) and X (10) to pee-pee 4 and 9.
X can be placed before L (50) and C (100) to make 40 and 90.
C can be located earlier D (500) and M (1000) to make 400 and 900.

The number 994 is a great instance of this rule – it's written CMXCIV. Broken down we have Atomic number 96 = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4; adding all these astir brings us back to 994.

Representative: 16

To write 16 in numerals, we take 10 (X), 5 (V) and 1 (I), to make XVI.

Illustration: 27

To write 27 in numerals, we take 20 (XX), 5 (V) and 2 (Two), to make XXVII.

Example: 32

To write 32 in numerals, we take 30 (XXX) and 2 (II), to make XXXII.

Example: 58

To write 58 in numerals, we take 50 (L), 5 (V) and 3 (Terzetto), to make LVIII.

Example: 183

To write 183 in numerals, we take 100 (C), 50 (L), 30 (XXX) and 3 (Troika), to make CLXXXIII.

Example: 555

To write 555 in numerals, we take 500 (D), 50 (L) and 5 (V), to make water DLV.

Example: 1582

To write 1582 in numerals, we take 1000 (M), 500 (D), 50 (L), 30 (XXX) and 2 (II), to make MDLXXXII.

Years and Dates

Years codified in Roman numerals ass be quite a long and scary – simply breaking them blue we see that they'ray actually quite deltoid. LET's look at a a few examples.

Years in the 21st century are discriminating 'n wanton. First, we start off with MM (1000 + 1000) and and so we affix any we call for. If we wanted to write 2020 in numerals we start with MM and tot XX (20) to make MMXX.

Years from the 20th one C are likewise quite lanceolate. We start off with MCM (1900) and then similarly MBD on whatever we need. For example, 1985 would be written Eastern Samoa MCM (1900) + LXXX (80) + V (5), which when codified out is MCMLXV.

Here are the geezerhood in numerals from 2010 to 2029:

2010	MMX	2020	MMXX
2011	MMXI	2021	MMXXI
2012	MMXII	2022	MMXXII
2013	MMXIII	2023	MMXXIII
2014	MMXIV	2024	MMXXIV
2015	MMXV	2025	MMXXV
2016	MMXVI	2026	MMXXVI
2017	MMXVII	2027	MMXXVII
2018	MMXVIII	2028	MMXXVIII
2019	MMXIX	2029	MMXXIX

Large Numbers

Because the largest missive in use in Roman numerals is M and we can only stack three of the same numeral together the largest number you can write victimisation standard numerals is 3999 (MMMCMXCIX).

But IT is contingent to write numerals bigger than 3999. If we draw the line across the top of a numeral then we are multiplying it by 1000.

For example, the Roman numeral for 5000 is written as V̅ (5 x 1000). Similarly, one million is engrossed as M̅ (1000 x 1000).

If we want to write 1,550,000 in Roman numerals it would be written as: M̅ D̅ L̅. If we break information technology down the numeral for 1,000,000 is M̅, the numeral for 500,000 is D̅ and the numeral for 50,000 is L̅.

Large Roman Numerals

Zeros and Fractions

Interestingly there is no numeric for zero. This is because numerals were developed for the purposes of trading and in that location was no need for nada, instead the Latin word 'nulla' was used.

Fractions were often misused in currency. The most common fractions used were twelfths and halves. A twelfth was represented by a single dot '•', titled a 'uncia'. Halves were represented by the letter 'S', short for semis.

Adding and Subtracting

With no numeral for zero, it makes doing any advanced mathematics a tad bit delicate – but addition and subtraction are well within the realms of possibilities.

Addition

When adding with numerals, the number one tip is to ignore the subtractive principle – i.e. alternatively of authorship four as IV write it out as IIII.

Permit's take in a simple example. To tot up IX (9) and XI (11) together, we:

Convert IX to VIIII
Coif numerals from largest to smallest, giving us XVIIIII
Simplify the IIIII to V, giving us XVV
Simplify VV to X, giving us XX

Subtraction

When subtracting numerals, we also ignore the subtractive principle. Have's take the almost scary problem of CCLXXXVIII (288) – CCLXXI (271):

First strike out entirely of the pairs of numerals (as seen below)
Re-arrange the numerals and ray-apply the subtractive rule where required
Going USA with our answer of XVII (17)

Subtracting with Roman Numerals

Modern Usage

Roman numerals can be found all everywhere in contemporary society, here are five examples:

Roman numerals are used to refer to kings, Queens, emperors and popes. For instance; Henry VIII of England and Louis XVI of France.
Many competitions such every bit the Super Bowl and Olympic Games use numerals to present how more multiplication the issue has been held. E.g., in 2021 IT volition be Super Stadium Cardinal.
Numerals can often personify found on buildings and monuments to signify the year of construction. For example, a building built in 2004 may have the numerals MMIV engraved on that.
Umteen movies use numerals to say when the film was made. E.g., 'Prizefighter' was copyrighted in the year 2000 and has the numerals MM at the last of its credits. Some other example is the film 'Spartacus' which has MCMLX (1960) at the end of its credits.
Many clocks too practice numerals to represent the hours.

The list goes along and on, numerals can be found in books to number the preceding pages, in legal contracts to refer sections and sub-sections, to source wars (WWI and WWII), et cetera, et cetera…

Origin of Roman Numerals

Before the Romans other civilisations had devised their own counting systems. The Etruscans who occupied central Italy before the Romans had developed a standardized system which just used different symbols.

Theory 1

A park theory is that the numerals represent hand signals. The numbers indefinite, two, three and iv are signalled past the equivalent number of fingers. Five is represented by separating the rif and fingers to build a 'V' shape. The numbers pool six to cardinal are shown past one paw gesturing five and the early with the appropriate figure of fingers. Ten is shown by crossover either custody or thumbs in an 'X' shape.

Hypothesis 2

Other theory suggests numerals originated from the notches etched onto tally sticks. These tally sticks had been used centuries prior to the Romans for basic counting; in point of fact, they were still used by shepherds in Europe until the 19th century.

The numbers nonpareil, two, three and four were represented by the equivalent amount of tidy lines etched into the wood. Five was shown as an upside down 'V' and ten by an 'X'.

This organization followed similar principles to numerals. Seven happening a tot up stick would look after like: IIIIVII, which would be shortened to VII. Taking another example, 17 in long form would look back equivalent IIIIVIIIIXIIIIVII, but in short conformation: XVII.

The theory suggests that the Epistle to the Romans developed this system of rules adding 'L', 'C', 'D' and 'M' to represent 50, 100, 500 and 1000.

Other Add up & Counting Systems

Many other civilisations in the ancient world had already come up with their possess number systems and methods of numeration. We're going to charter a quick look at the Egyptian and City counting systems.

African nation numbers: 3000-1600 BCE

One of the oldest number systems comes from Egypt - developed all over 5000 years past! Their system was very comprehensive compared to others; they even had a symbol to represent eternity! Unlike the Romans, the Egyptians did throw a symbol for zero.

Egyptian numerals and numbers

The Egyptians didn't use the ablative principle and with no symbol for five IT meant nine was shown as nine I's scrivened extinct. To take another example 1700 was written as:

Egyptian numeral 1700

Babylonian numbers: 1750 BCE

The Babylonian system of numbers was also quite complex; they really adopted and adapted their system from the earlier Sumerians. Similar to the Egyptians, thither was no symbol for Phoebe, meaning ix was also written out as nine 1's (see the graph below). One thing the Babylonian system had in common with the Romans' was having zero symbolization to represent zero.

Babylonian Numbers and counting system